All levels

CEFR B2 English vocabulary — 474 words

absorbverb— усваивать, впитывать

Your body absorbs iron more efficiently when combined with vitamin C.

abstainverb— воздерживаться

He decided to abstain from alcohol for the whole month.

abundantadjective— обильный, изобилующий

Sunlight is an abundant and largely untapped source of clean energy.

accessibilitynoun— доступность

Designers must consider accessibility so that people with disabilities can use the site.

accommodationnoun— жильё, размещение

Finding affordable accommodation during the festival proved surprisingly difficult.

accountabilitynoun— подотчётность

Voters are demanding greater accountability from public officials.

acknowledgeverb— признавать

He acknowledged his mistake.

advancementnoun— продвижение, достижение

Recent advancements in genetics have transformed medicine.

adventnoun— появление, наступление

The advent of electric vehicles has transformed the automotive industry.

adverseadjective— неблагоприятный, вредный

Air pollution can have serious adverse effects on human health.

advocacynoun— защита, отстаивание

The charity is known for its advocacy of children's rights.

advocatenoun— защитник

She is an advocate for change.

advocate forphrase— выступать за

Several NGOs advocate for stronger environmental protection.

affectionateadjective— ласковый, нежный

She's an affectionate person who always greets her friends with a warm hug.

affinitynoun— близость, влечение, сродство

She felt an immediate affinity with people who shared her sense of humour.

aggregateverb— собирать, объединять

News apps aggregate stories from hundreds of different sources.

albeitadverb— хотя, хотя бы

The project was successful, albeit with some minor delays.

algorithmnoun— алгоритм

The platform's algorithm decides which posts appear at the top of your feed.

alienateverb— отталкивать, отчуждать

His constant criticism began to alienate even his closest friends.

allergicadjective— аллергический

She had no idea she was allergic to shellfish until she reacted badly.

aloofadjective— отчуждённый, холодный

His aloof manner made colleagues assume he was arrogant, though he was simply shy.

ambiguitynoun— неоднозначность

The contract has some ambiguity.

ambiguousadjective— неоднозначный, двусмысленный

The manager's instructions were ambiguous, so the team wasn't sure how to proceed.

amendmentnoun— поправка

Parliament passed an amendment to the controversial housing bill.

amenitiesnoun— удобства, инфраструктура

The resort offers a wide range of amenities, from spas to conference rooms.

amiableadjective— дружелюбный, приветливый

His amiable nature made him easy to get along with at work.

anguishnoun— мучение, страдание

The mother waited in anguish for news of her missing son.

anomalynoun— аномалия

The unexpected reading was dismissed as a statistical anomaly.

anonymitynoun— анонимность

The anonymity of the internet sometimes encourages aggressive behaviour.

appetitenoun— аппетит

Stress can either suppress your appetite or make you overeat.

appraisalnoun— аттестация, оценка (работы сотрудника)

During her annual appraisal, the manager praised her leadership skills.

apprehensiveadjective— тревожный, опасающийся

She felt apprehensive about meeting her partner's parents for the first time.

aptitudenoun— способность, склонность

She showed a remarkable aptitude for languages from an early age.

aquifernoun— водоносный горизонт

The city draws most of its drinking water from an underground aquifer.

arbitraryadjective— произвольный, необоснованный

The decision seemed arbitrary and lacked any clear justification.

assertiveadjective— напористый, уверенный

Being assertive allows you to express your needs without being aggressive.

assetnoun— актив, ценность

Her fluency in three languages is a valuable asset to the team.

assimilateverb— ассимилироваться, впитывать

It took years for the immigrants to fully assimilate into urban life.

assumptionnoun— предположение

That is a wrong assumption.

attributeverb— приписывать, объяснять

They attribute the improvement to smaller class sizes.

authenticadjective— подлинный, настоящий

Followers increasingly value content that feels authentic rather than staged.

autonomynoun— автономия, самостоятельность

The region was granted greater autonomy over its own affairs.

backlashnoun— негативная реакция, отпор

The new privacy policy provoked an immediate backlash from users.

balanced dietphrase— сбалансированное питание

A balanced diet provides all the nutrients your body needs to function.

bandwidthnoun— пропускная способность

Streaming high-definition video requires a considerable amount of bandwidth.

bankruptcynoun— банкротство

The airline filed for bankruptcy after years of mounting losses.

barrenadjective— бесплодный, пустынный

Decades of overgrazing have left the once-fertile land completely barren.

benchmarknoun— эталон, ориентир

Their customer service sets the benchmark for the entire industry.

betrayalnoun— предательство

The betrayal by his best friend left him unable to trust anyone for years.

biasnoun— предвзятость, смещение

The study was criticised for sampling bias.

biodegradableadjective— биоразлагаемый

The company has switched to biodegradable packaging that breaks down within months.

biodiversitynoun— биоразнообразие

The destruction of the rainforest is causing a dramatic loss of biodiversity across the region.

bondnoun— связь, узы (близость)

The shared hardship created an unbreakable bond between the two colleagues.

breachnoun— утечка, нарушение

The company disclosed a major data breach that exposed millions of accounts.

break evenphrase— выйти в ноль, окупиться

The restaurant expects to break even within its first eighteen months.

budgetnoun— бюджет

The marketing team was forced to work within a very tight budget.

bufferingnoun— буферизация

Constant buffering made it impossible to enjoy the live broadcast.

bureaucracynoun— бюрократия

Excessive bureaucracy slowed down the approval of the project.

burn offphrase— сжигать (калории)

A brisk walk helps you burn off the extra calories after a big meal.

bustlingadjective— оживлённый, шумный

The bustling market was crowded with vendors and curious travellers.

cachenoun— кэш, кэшировать

Clearing the cache often resolves problems with a slow-loading website.

carbon footprintnoun— углеродный след

Cycling to work instead of driving significantly reduces your carbon footprint.

carbon neutraladjective— углеродно-нейтральный

The company has pledged to become carbon neutral within the next decade.

cardiovascularadjective— сердечно-сосудистый

Aerobic exercise strengthens the cardiovascular system and lowers blood pressure.

cash flowphrase— денежный поток

Poor cash flow is the main reason many promising startups fail.

catastrophicadjective— катастрофический

A rise of two degrees could have catastrophic effects on global weather patterns.

censorshipnoun— цензура

Government censorship of the internet has intensified in several countries.

cherishverb— дорожить, лелеять

They cherish the memories of the years they spent living abroad together.

chronicadjective— хронический

She has managed her chronic condition for years through diet and medication.

circulationnoun— кровообращение

A short walk after lunch can boost circulation and lift your mood.

citeverb— цитировать, ссылаться

You must cite every source you use in your essay.

clickbaitnoun— кликбейт

Many headlines are little more than clickbait designed to attract attention.

coalitionnoun— коалиция

The two parties formed a coalition to secure a majority in parliament.

cognitiveadjective— когнитивный

Stress can impair cognitive functions such as memory and attention.

coherentadjective— связный, последовательный

The party has yet to present a coherent economic strategy.

cohortnoun— когорта, группа

The study followed a cohort of a thousand students over ten years.

coincideverb— совпадать

The economic reforms happened to coincide with a global downturn.

come down withphrase— заболеть (чем-л.)

I think I'm coming down with a cold after that long flight.

commissionnoun— комиссионные

Sales staff earn a basic wage plus commission on every deal they close.

commuteverb— ездить на работу (регулярно)

Millions of people commute into the capital every morning by train.

companionshipnoun— общество, дружеское общение

After retiring, he valued the companionship of his old colleagues.

compassionateadjective— сострадательный

A compassionate teacher noticed the struggling student and offered extra support.

compellingadjective— убедительный, захватывающий

The speaker presented a compelling argument for climate action.

competitornoun— конкурент

Our main competitor has just launched a cheaper version of the product.

compliancenoun— соблюдение, соответствие

Firms must ensure compliance with the new safety regulations.

comprehensiveadjective— всесторонний

The report gave a comprehensive overview of current climate research.

compromisenoun— компромисс

They reached a compromise.

conceptualadjective— концептуальный

The lecture introduced a new conceptual framework for the topic.

congestedadjective— перегруженный, забитый

The narrow medieval streets become hopelessly congested in summer.

congestionnoun— перегруженность, пробки

Traffic congestion in the city centre has worsened despite the new ring road.

congregateverb— собираться (в толпу)

Locals and tourists alike congregate in the square on festival nights.

connectivitynoun— связь, подключение

Poor connectivity in rural areas limits access to online education.

conscientiousadjective— добросовестный

He is a conscientious worker who never leaves a task half-finished.

consensusnoun— консенсус

The committee eventually reached a consensus on the budget.

consequencenoun— последствие

Every choice has a consequence.

conservationnoun— охрана природы, сохранение

Wildlife conservation efforts have helped several endangered species recover in recent decades.

considerateadjective— внимательный, тактичный

It was considerate of her to check whether anyone had dietary restrictions.

constituencynoun— избирательный округ

The politician returned to her constituency to meet local voters.

contaminateverb— загрязнять, заражать

Chemicals from the factory continue to contaminate the surrounding soil and groundwater.

contentmentnoun— удовлетворённость, довольство

A sense of contentment settled over her once the family was reunited.

contradictverb— противоречить, опровергать

His actions contradicted everything he had promised earlier.

controversynoun— спор

The decision caused controversy.

converselyadverb— напротив, с другой стороны

Some employees prefer remote work; conversely, others thrive in an office environment.

correlationnoun— корреляция

Researchers found a strong correlation between sleep and academic performance.

cosmopolitanadjective— космополитичный

The city has a cosmopolitan atmosphere, with residents from over a hundred nations.

craveverb— жаждать, страстно желать

After months of isolation, he began to crave human connection.

cravingsnoun— тяга (к еде)

Cutting out sugar suddenly can trigger intense cravings for a few days.

credibilitynoun— достоверность, надёжность

Anonymous sources can undermine the credibility of a news report.

criterianoun— критерии

Applicants must meet strict criteria to be admitted to the programme.

crucialadjective— критический, решающий

Time management is crucial for meeting project deadlines.

culinaryadjective— кулинарный

The region is celebrated for its rich culinary traditions.

curateverb— отбирать, курировать

Editors carefully curate the stories that appear on the homepage.

curbverb— обуздать, ограничить

Stricter laws are needed to curb the illegal trade in exotic animals.

curriculumnoun— учебная программа

The university revised its curriculum to include more practical training.

customsnoun— таможня

Passengers must declare any goods when passing through customs.

cut down onphrase— сократить (потребление)

My doctor advised me to cut down on caffeine to sleep better.

cutting-edgeadjective— передовой

The research lab is developing cutting-edge tools for real-time translation.

cyberbullyingnoun— кибербуллинг, травля в сети

Schools are introducing programmes to tackle cyberbullying among teenagers.

deadlinenoun— крайний срок

The whole team worked overtime to meet the tight deadline.

defendantnoun— обвиняемый, ответчик

The defendant pleaded not guilty to all charges.

deficiencynoun— нехватка, дефицит

A vitamin D deficiency is surprisingly common among people who work indoors.

deficitnoun— дефицит

The government is struggling to reduce the budget deficit this year.

deforestationnoun— вырубка лесов

Widespread deforestation contributes significantly to rising carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere.

degradationnoun— деградация, ухудшение

Environmental degradation threatens the livelihoods of communities that depend on farming.

dehydrationnoun— обезвоживание

Even mild dehydration can impair concentration and cause fatigue.

delegateverb— делегировать, поручать

A good leader knows how to delegate tasks rather than doing everything alone.

deliberateadjective— намеренный

It was a deliberate choice.

depletionnoun— истощение

The depletion of natural resources is one of the greatest challenges of our generation.

deployverb— развёртывать, внедрять

The team plans to deploy the new feature to all users next week.

deriveverb— получать, извлекать

The company derives most of its revenue from online sales.

desertificationnoun— опустынивание

Desertification is spreading as fertile farmland turns to dust in arid regions.

destinationnoun— пункт назначения

The coastal town has become a popular destination for eco-conscious tourists.

detachedadjective— отстранённый, безучастный

He described the tragedy in a strangely detached tone.

deterrentnoun— сдерживающий фактор

Harsher penalties are intended to act as a deterrent to crime.

detournoun— объезд, крюк

We had to make a lengthy detour because the mountain pass was closed.

detrimentaladjective— вредный, пагубный

Excessive use of pesticides has proven detrimental to bee populations worldwide.

devotedadjective— преданный

She was a devoted mother who put her children's needs before her own.

diagnosisnoun— диагноз

An accurate diagnosis is the first step toward effective treatment.

digestionnoun— пищеварение

Eating slowly can improve digestion and help you feel full sooner.

digestiveadjective— пищеварительный

Fibre keeps the digestive system working smoothly.

digital footprintphrase— цифровой след

Everything you post online contributes to your permanent digital footprint.

dilemmanoun— дилемма

I am facing a real dilemma.

diminishverb— уменьшаться, снижаться

The team's enthusiasm began to diminish after the project was delayed.

disciplinenoun— научная дисциплина

Neuroscience is a relatively young discipline compared with physics.

discreetadjective— осторожный, тактичный

The lawyer was discreet about the confidential information.

discrepancynoun— расхождение, несоответствие

There was a notable discrepancy between the two sets of measurements.

discriminationnoun— дискриминация

The law prohibits discrimination on the grounds of age or gender.

disembarkverb— высаживаться (с судна, самолёта)

Passengers were asked to disembark from the rear of the aircraft.

disillusionedadjective— разочарованный

He grew disillusioned with the friendship after years of being taken for granted.

disinformationnoun— дезинформация

Social media companies are struggling to combat the spread of disinformation online.

disparitynoun— несоответствие, разрыв

There is a striking disparity between urban and rural incomes.

disruptverb— переворачивать, коренным образом менять

Streaming platforms have disrupted the traditional television industry.

dissertationnoun— диссертация

Her dissertation examined bilingual education in rural schools.

diverseadjective— разнообразный, различный

The company employs people from diverse backgrounds and cultures.

diversitynoun— разнообразие

The team values diversity.

dividendnoun— дивиденд

Investors were pleased when the company announced a higher dividend.

downsizingnoun— сокращение (компании, штата)

The downsizing left the remaining employees with a heavier workload.

downtimenoun— простой, время недоступности

The maintenance work is scheduled at night to minimise downtime.

downturnnoun— спад, ухудшение

The economic downturn hit the construction industry particularly hard.

droughtnoun— засуха

Prolonged drought has devastated crops across much of the continent this year.

ecosystemnoun— экосистема

A single invasive species can disrupt the delicate balance of an entire ecosystem.

efficiencynoun— эффективность

We improved efficiency this year.

elaborateadjective— тщательный, подробный; разрабатывать

She provided an elaborate explanation of the new marketing strategy.

electoratenoun— электорат, избиратели

The reforms were designed to win over an increasingly sceptical electorate.

elicitverb— вызывать, извлекать

The questionnaire was designed to elicit honest responses.

embarkverb— отправляться (в путь), приступать

Next month they embark on a six-week journey across South America.

emergeverb— появляться, возникать

New opportunities emerged after the company restructured.

emerging technologyphrase— новейшая технология

Investors are eager to fund emerging technologies such as quantum computing.

emissionnoun— выброс (в атмосферу)

The new regulations aim to reduce carbon emissions from heavy industry by 2030.

emitverb— испускать, выделять

Power stations that burn coal emit vast quantities of carbon dioxide.

empatheticadjective— сопереживающий

An empathetic listener can make you feel truly understood.

empathynoun— эмпатия

Good leaders show empathy.

emphasiseverb— подчёркивать

I want to emphasise this point.

empiricaladjective— эмпирический

Her conclusions were based on empirical evidence rather than pure speculation.

enactverb— принимать (закон)

Parliament enacted new measures to combat tax evasion.

encompassverb— охватывать, включать

The field encompasses everything from cells to ecosystems.

encroachverb— вторгаться, посягать

As cities expand, they increasingly encroach on protected natural areas.

encryptionnoun— шифрование

End-to-end encryption ensures that only the sender and recipient can read the messages.

endangeredadjective— находящийся под угрозой исчезновения

Many endangered species are now bred in captivity to prevent their extinction.

enhanceverb— улучшать, усиливать

Regular training can enhance employee skills and productivity.

entrepreneurnoun— предприниматель

As a young entrepreneur, she launched three startups before turning thirty.

enviousadjective— завистливый

She grew envious of her neighbour's seemingly perfect family life.

eradicateverb— искоренять, ликвидировать

It is nearly impossible to eradicate an invasive species once it is established.

erosionnoun— эрозия

Soil erosion accelerates when trees are removed from steep hillsides.

estrangedadjective— отчуждённый, порвавший отношения

He remained estranged from his father until the very end of his life.

ethicaladjective— этичный, нравственный

The company is committed to ethical business practices.

excursionnoun— экскурсия, вылазка

The tour package includes an optional day excursion to the nearby ruins.

expatriatenoun— экспат, эмигрант

A thriving expatriate community has grown up around the tech district.

expeditionnoun— экспедиция

The photographic expedition ventured deep into the Arctic wilderness.

expenditurenoun— расходы, затраты

The department was asked to cut its monthly expenditure by ten percent.

expertisenoun— компетентность, экспертные знания

We hired a consultant with real expertise in international tax law.

exploitverb— использовать в своих целях

Scammers exploit people's trust to steal their personal information.

exploitationnoun— эксплуатация

The report exposed the exploitation of migrant labourers.

extinctionnoun— вымирание

Scientists warn that we are witnessing the sixth mass extinction in Earth's history.

facilitateverb— облегчать, способствовать

The new software will facilitate communication between departments.

farenoun— плата за проезд

The bus fare has risen sharply since the subsidy was withdrawn.

fatiguenoun— усталость, утомление

Ongoing fatigue may be a sign that your body needs more rest.

feasibleadjective— осуществимый, реальный

The budget proposal is feasible given our current resources.

filter bubblephrase— информационный пузырь

Personalised feeds can trap people in a filter bubble of like-minded opinions.

finiteadjective— конечный, ограниченный

We often treat the planet's resources as if they were not finite.

fluctuateverb— колебаться, изменяться

Market prices tend to fluctuate depending on demand.

footagenoun— видеозапись, отснятый материал

Eyewitness footage of the event spread rapidly across social media.

forecastnoun— прогноз

The economic forecast for next quarter is surprisingly optimistic.

formulateverb— формулировать

It took months to formulate a clear research question.

fossil fuelnoun— ископаемое топливо

Our heavy reliance on fossil fuels is the main driver of global warming.

fosterverb— способствовать, поощрять

Community gardens foster a greater awareness of where our food comes from.

furthermoreadverb— кроме того, более того

The product is affordable and high-quality; furthermore, it comes with a warranty.

gatewaynoun— ворота (в регион), перевалочный пункт

The port city has long served as a gateway to the interior.

generaliseverb— обобщать

With such a small sample, it is risky to generalise the findings.

glitchnoun— сбой, неполадка

A software glitch caused the entire network to go offline for several hours.

go viralphrase— стать вирусным

The short clip went viral overnight and was viewed millions of times.

graspverb— понимание; ухватить (понять)

Students often struggle to grasp abstract mathematical concepts.

greenhouse gasnoun— парниковый газ

Methane is a far more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide over a short period.

gridlocknoun— полный затор, транспортный коллапс

A single accident brought the entire motorway to complete gridlock.

grievancenoun— жалоба, недовольство

Employees may file a formal grievance with the union.

grieveverb— горевать, скорбеть

It took her a long time to grieve the loss of her closest friend.

grudgenoun— обида, злоба

She held a grudge against her cousin for missing her wedding.

habitatnoun— среда обитания

Rising sea levels are destroying the natural habitat of many coastal bird species.

harnessverb— использовать, задействовать

Businesses are learning to harness artificial intelligence to analyse customer data.

headhuntverb— переманивать (специалистов)

A rival firm tried to headhunt their most talented software engineers.

heartfeltadjective— искренний, сердечный

She gave a heartfelt apology that moved everyone in the room.

heritagenoun— наследие

The old town was granted protected status because of its cultural heritage.

hydratedadjective— увлажнённый, напоённый водой

Staying hydrated throughout the day keeps your skin and energy healthy.

hypothesisnoun— гипотеза

The team designed an experiment to test their hypothesis about plant growth.

hypothesiseverb— выдвигать гипотезу

The biologist hypothesised that temperature affected the reaction rate.

immerseverb— погружаться (в культуру)

Living with a host family allowed her to immerse herself in the local culture.

immersiveadjective— погружающий, иммерсивный

Virtual reality offers an immersive experience that flat screens cannot match.

immune systemnoun— иммунная система

Chronic stress can weaken the immune system and leave you prone to infection.

immunitynoun— иммунитет

A balanced diet plays a key role in building long-term immunity.

impartialadjective— беспристрастный

A judge must remain impartial when weighing the evidence.

implicationnoun— следствие

Consider the implications first.

impulsiveadjective— импульсивный

Her impulsive decision to quit her job surprised everyone who knew her.

incentivenoun— стимул

Bonuses are a strong incentive.

inequalitynoun— неравенство

Economic inequality has widened significantly over the past decade.

inevitableadjective— неизбежный

Change was inevitable.

inflammationnoun— воспаление

Certain foods are known to reduce inflammation throughout the body.

inflationnoun— инфляция

Rising inflation is eroding the purchasing power of ordinary households.

infrastructurenoun— инфраструктура

Reliable public transport infrastructure is essential for a growing metropolis.

inherentadjective— врождённый, присущий

There are inherent risks in any new business venture.

innovationnoun— инновация

Innovation drives the industry.

inquirynoun— исследование, изучение

Scientific inquiry depends on asking precise questions.

insecureadjective— неуверенный в себе

Growing up, she felt insecure about her appearance and rarely spoke in public.

insightnoun— понимание

The book offers real insight.

instilverb— прививать, внушать

Her parents worked hard to instil a sense of honesty in their children.

intakenoun— потребление

Doctors recommend reducing your daily salt intake to protect your heart.

integritynoun— честность

She is known for her integrity.

interdisciplinaryadjective— междисциплинарный

Modern problems often require an interdisciplinary approach.

interfacenoun— интерфейс

The app's intuitive interface makes it accessible even to first-time users.

internshipnoun— стажировка

A summer internship at the firm often leads to a full-time job offer.

intimacynoun— близость, интимность

Emotional intimacy takes time to develop in any lasting relationship.

intuitiveadjective— интуитивно понятный

The best software feels intuitive, requiring little instruction to use.

investverb— инвестировать, вкладывать

They decided to invest heavily in staff training to improve productivity.

invigoratingadjective— бодрящий, освежающий

A cold shower in the morning can be surprisingly invigorating.

invoicenoun— счёт-фактура

Please send the invoice to the accounts department by the end of the week.

invokeverb— ссылаться, вызывать

The manager invoked the company's code of conduct during the meeting.

itinerarynoun— маршрут (план поездки)

Our travel agent put together a detailed itinerary covering five cities in ten days.

jeopardizeverb— подвергать опасности, рисковать

Ignoring safety regulations could jeopardize the entire project.

jurisdictionnoun— юрисдикция

The case falls outside the jurisdiction of the local court.

landfillnoun— свалка, полигон отходов

Most of our plastic waste still ends up buried in a landfill.

landmarknoun— достопримечательность, ориентир

The cathedral remains the most recognisable landmark on the city's skyline.

lay offphrase— увольнять (по сокращению)

The factory had to lay off two hundred workers when orders dried up.

layovernoun— пересадка, длительная остановка

A six-hour layover in Doha gave us just enough time to explore the airport.

legislationnoun— законодательство

The new legislation aims to protect the rights of temporary workers.

legitimacynoun— легитимность

Many voters questioned the legitimacy of the election results.

legitimateadjective— законный, обоснованный

The protesters had a legitimate grievance about rising living costs.

liabilitynoun— обязательство; помеха

An outdated production line can quickly become a financial liability.

lingerverb— задерживаться, медлить

Travellers often linger in the piazza to watch the sun set.

literacynoun— грамотность

Improving scientific literacy helps citizens evaluate news critically.

loatheverb— ненавидеть, презирать

He loathed confrontation and would do anything to avoid an argument.

longingnoun— тоска, страстное желание

She looked at the old photographs with a deep longing for the past.

lucrativeadjective— прибыльный, выгодный

Consulting proved to be a far more lucrative career than teaching.

malnutritionnoun— недоедание, неполноценное питание

Malnutrition can occur even in people who eat plenty but poorly.

malwarenoun— вредоносное ПО

Downloading files from unverified sites can infect your computer with malware.

mandatenoun— мандат, полномочия

The government claimed a clear mandate to implement its economic plan.

marginaliseverb— маргинализировать, оттеснять

Such policies tend to marginalise the poorest members of society.

mergernoun— слияние (компаний)

The merger of the two banks created the largest lender in the region.

metabolicadjective— метаболический, обменный

Poor sleep can disrupt several important metabolic processes.

metabolismnoun— обмен веществ

Regular exercise can gradually speed up your metabolism over time.

methodologynoun— методология

The professor criticised the study's methodology for relying on too few participants.

meticulousadjective— тщательный, скрупулёзный

The auditor conducted a meticulous review of all financial records.

metropolisnoun— мегаполис

Tokyo is a sprawling metropolis where tradition and technology coexist.

mitigateverb— смягчать, снижать

The company took steps to mitigate the impact of the economic downturn.

mitigationnoun— смягчение последствий

Climate mitigation requires cutting emissions at their source, not just adapting.

moderationnoun— модерация

Content moderation is essential for keeping online communities safe.

momentumnoun— импульс

The project is gaining momentum.

navigateverb— ориентироваться, прокладывать путь

It can be daunting to navigate an unfamiliar city without knowing the language.

negotiationnoun— переговоры

The negotiation lasted hours.

nomadicadjective— кочевой

He has adopted a nomadic lifestyle, rarely staying in one country for long.

notionnoun— представление, понятие

The experiment challenged the popular notion that talent is fixed.

nourishverb— питать

Whole grains nourish the body and release energy slowly throughout the day.

nuancenoun— нюанс

He missed the nuance of the joke.

nurtureverb— воспитывать, взращивать

Good parents nurture their children's curiosity rather than suppress it.

nutrientnoun— питательное вещество

Leafy greens are packed with essential nutrients that support the immune system.

obesitynoun— ожирение

Rising obesity rates have become a major public health concern worldwide.

objectiveadjective— объективный

A good researcher stays objective and avoids personal bias.

obsoleteadjective— устаревший

Rapid advances in technology can render devices obsolete within a few years.

off the beaten trackphrase— вдали от туристических троп

If you want authentic cuisine, look for restaurants off the beaten track.

offsetverb— компенсировать (выбросы)

The airline allows passengers to offset the emissions from their flights by funding tree planting.

onsetnoun— начало, наступление (болезни)

Early treatment can slow the onset of many chronic diseases.

outagenoun— сбой в работе, отключение

The server outage prevented users from accessing their files all morning.

outdatedadjective— устаревший

Relying on outdated software leaves systems vulnerable to attack.

outgoingadjective— общительный

His outgoing personality made him popular at every social gathering.

outskirtsnoun— окраина

The new factories were built on the outskirts of the town.

outsourceverb— передавать на аутсорсинг

Many businesses outsource their customer support to cut costs.

overheadsnoun— накладные расходы

By working remotely, the company significantly reduced its office overheads.

overindulgeverb— переедать, злоупотреблять

It's easy to overindulge in rich food during the holidays.

overwhelmedadjective— подавленный, ошеломлённый

He felt completely overwhelmed by the sudden wave of responsibilities.

overwhelmingadjective— ошеломляющий, огромный

The sheer volume of online information can be overwhelming for readers.

ozone layernoun— озоновый слой

The ozone layer protects living organisms from harmful ultraviolet radiation.

panoramanoun— панорама

From the tower you can take in a sweeping panorama of the entire bay.

paradoxnoun— парадокс, противоречие

There is a paradox in the data that requires further investigation.

partisanadjective— пристрастный, партийный

The debate became increasingly partisan as the election approached.

paveverb— мостить, прокладывать

The old cobbled square was eventually paved over for parking.

pedagogynoun— педагогика

The workshop focused on innovative pedagogy for large classes.

pedestriannoun— пешеход

The council pedestrianised the old quarter to make it safer for pedestrians.

peernoun— коллега, ровесник

Feedback from peers can significantly improve a first draft.

peer reviewnoun— рецензирование коллегами

The article was rejected during peer review because of flawed methodology.

pensionnoun— пенсия

Contributing to a pension early gives you greater security in later life.

perceptiveadjective— проницательный

She is remarkably perceptive and can tell when something is bothering you.

perseverancenoun— настойчивость

Perseverance leads to success.

perspectivenoun— точка зрения

Try to see another perspective.

pervasiveadjective— всепроникающий, повсеместный

Smartphones have become so pervasive that many feel lost without them.

phenomenaladjective— феноменальный, выдающийся

The lab achieved phenomenal results in record time.

phenomenonnoun— явление

It is a natural phenomenon.

physiquenoun— телосложение

Years of swimming gave him a lean and athletic physique.

picturesqueadjective— живописный

The picturesque hilltop village attracts painters from across Europe.

pilgrimagenoun— паломничество

Thousands make the annual pilgrimage to the shrine each spring.

plausibleadjective— правдоподобный

The theory offers a plausible explanation for the strange results.

pollutantnoun— загрязняющее вещество

Industrial pollutants have contaminated the river, making the water unsafe to drink.

portfolionoun— портфель (инвестиций, работ)

She manages a diverse investment portfolio for wealthy clients.

portionnoun— порция

Controlling your portion sizes is often more effective than strict dieting.

posturenoun— осанка

Poor posture at a desk often leads to persistent back and neck pain.

pragmaticadjective— прагматичный, практичный

The team took a pragmatic approach to solve the problem quickly.

precedentnoun— прецедент

The ruling set an important precedent for future cases.

prerequisitenoun— предварительное условие

Basic statistics is a prerequisite for the advanced course.

prescribeverb— назначать (лекарство)

The doctor decided to prescribe a milder medication for her condition.

preserveverb— сохранять, оберегать

National parks were established to preserve wilderness areas for future generations.

presumablyadverb— предположительно

The sample was contaminated, presumably during transport.

prevailingadjective— господствующий, преобладающий

The prevailing view among experts is that the data are inconclusive.

prevalentadjective— распространённый, преобладающий

Subscription models have become increasingly prevalent in the software industry.

processedadjective— обработанный (о пище)

Highly processed foods tend to be loaded with sugar and hidden fats.

profitableadjective— прибыльный

It took three years for the business to become genuinely profitable.

profoundadjective— глубокий

It had a profound effect on me.

proliferateverb— быстро распространяться

Plastic waste has proliferated in the oceans at an alarming rate.

proliferationnoun— распространение, быстрый рост

The proliferation of streaming services has fragmented the entertainment market.

promoteverb— продвигать; повышать в должности

The firm decided to promote from within rather than hire externally.

promotionnoun— повышение (по службе)

He was offered a promotion to regional manager after just two years.

prone tophrase— склонный к

People who skip meals are often more prone to unhealthy snacking.

proponentnoun— сторонник

She is a leading proponent of open-access publishing.

prosecutionnoun— обвинение, судебное преследование

The prosecution failed to prove the defendant's guilt beyond reasonable doubt.

prospectsnoun— перспективы (карьерные)

The role offers excellent career prospects for ambitious candidates.

provisionnoun— положение (в законе), обеспечение

The contract contains a provision for early termination.

provisionaladjective— временный, предварительный

The committee gave the project provisional approval pending review.

pulsenoun— пульс

The nurse checked his pulse before taking his blood pressure.

quaintadjective— причудливый, старомодно-милый

We stayed in a quaint fishing village untouched by mass tourism.

qualitativeadjective— качественный

Interviews gave the researchers rich qualitative insights into student motivation.

quantitativeadjective— количественный

The survey produced quantitative data that could be analysed statistically.

rationalenoun— обоснование, логическое основание

The minister explained the rationale behind the new tax.

reassureverb— успокаивать, ободрять

She tried to reassure her anxious friend that everything would work out.

recessionnoun— экономический спад, рецессия

During the recession, many small businesses were forced to close.

reciprocateverb— отвечать взаимностью

He was kind to everyone and hoped they would reciprocate his goodwill.

reclaimverb— восстанавливать, осваивать

Engineers hope to reclaim the polluted wetland and restore its wildlife.

reconcileverb— мириться, примиряться

After months of silence, the two sisters finally managed to reconcile.

recoververb— восстанавливаться

Muscles need time to recover fully between intense workouts.

recruitverb— нанимать; новый сотрудник

The company plans to recruit fifty graduates over the next year.

redundancynoun— сокращение штата, увольнение по сокращению

After the merger, hundreds of employees faced redundancy as departments were combined.

redundantadjective— избыточный, ненужный

Automation has made several manual roles redundant in the newsroom.

referendumnoun— референдум

Citizens will decide the issue through a national referendum next spring.

reforestationnoun— восстановление лесов

Large-scale reforestation projects could absorb billions of tonnes of carbon.

reinforceverb— укреплять, усиливать

The findings reinforce the argument for stricter regulation.

remedynoun— средство, лекарство

Ginger is a popular home remedy for nausea.

remorsenoun— раскаяние, угрызения совести

He showed genuine remorse for the way he had treated his family.

remoteadjective— отдалённый

The expedition took us to a remote region rarely visited by outsiders.

remunerationnoun— вознаграждение, оплата труда

The job offers a competitive remuneration package including bonuses.

renewableadjective— возобновляемый

Investment in renewable energy has grown rapidly as the cost of solar panels falls.

repealverb— отменять (закон)

Campaigners are urging the government to repeal the outdated law.

replenishverb— восполнять, пополнять

Groundwater takes many years to replenish once it has been over-extracted.

replicateverb— воспроизводить

Other labs were unable to replicate the original findings.

resentverb— негодовать, возмущаться

She began to resent how much of the housework fell on her shoulders.

resentmentnoun— негодование, обида

He harboured deep resentment towards his brother for years after the inheritance dispute.

reservationnoun— бронирование

I'd recommend making a reservation, as the restaurant fills up quickly.

reservedadjective— сдержанный, замкнутый

Although reserved at first, she opened up once she felt comfortable.

resiliencenoun— устойчивость

Resilience helps in hard times.

resilientadjective— устойчивый, жизнеспособный

Coral reefs are surprisingly resilient, but they cannot survive constant warming.

revenuenoun— выручка, доход

The new product line boosted the company's revenue by twenty percent.

rigorousadjective— строгий, тщательный

The findings were confirmed through rigorous testing.

robustadjective— надёжный, устойчивый

The conclusions rest on a robust body of evidence.

ruggedadjective— суровый, скалистый

The island's rugged coastline is dotted with hidden coves.

runoffnoun— сток (воды)

Agricultural runoff carries fertilisers into rivers, causing harmful algal blooms.

salarynoun— оклад, зарплата

The starting salary is modest, but there are excellent prospects for growth.

sanctuarynoun— заповедник, убежище

The island serves as a sanctuary for thousands of migrating seabirds.

scalableadjective— масштабируемый

A scalable system can handle a sudden surge in users without crashing.

scarceadjective— дефицитный, скудный

Fresh water is becoming increasingly scarce in many parts of the world.

scenicadjective— живописный

The scenic railway winds through some of the country's most dramatic valleys.

scholarshipnoun— стипендия; научная деятельность

She won a scholarship to study abroad for two years.

scrutiniseverb— тщательно исследовать

Reviewers scrutinise every claim before the paper is published.

scrutinynoun— тщательная проверка

The plan is under scrutiny.

seamlessadjective— бесшовный, плавный

The update promises a seamless transition between your phone and laptop.

secludedadjective— уединённый

We spent the afternoon on a secluded beach far from the crowds.

sedentaryadjective— сидячий, малоподвижный

A sedentary lifestyle significantly increases the risk of heart disease.

self-consciousadjective— стеснительный, смущённый

He became self-conscious about his accent whenever he spoke in meetings.

self-employedadjective— работающий на себя, самозанятый

Being self-employed gives her flexibility but little financial stability.

shareholdernoun— акционер

The board must justify its strategy to shareholders at the annual meeting.

sincereadjective— искренний

Her sincere concern for others earned her the trust of everyone she met.

solventadjective— платёжеспособный

Despite the crisis, the firm remained solvent and paid all its debts.

sootheverb— успокаивать, облегчать

A warm herbal tea can soothe a sore throat surprisingly well.

sovereigntynoun— суверенитет

The treaty was criticised for undermining national sovereignty.

speculationnoun— предположение, домыслы

Without data, his claims amounted to little more than speculation.

sprawlverb— беспорядочно разрастаться

The suburbs continue to sprawl outward, swallowing nearby farmland.

stakeholdernoun— заинтересованная сторона

Every major decision must take the interests of all stakeholders into account.

staminanoun— выносливость

Cycling regularly has really improved my stamina over the past year.

stewardshipnoun— ответственное управление (природой)

Environmental stewardship means using the land responsibly for the benefit of all.

stopovernoun— промежуточная остановка

They arranged a two-day stopover in Reykjavik on their way to New York.

strainnoun— растяжение; напряжение

He put too much strain on his knee while training for the marathon.

streamlineverb— оптимизировать, упорядочить

The manager streamlined the approval process to save valuable time.

strenuousadjective— напряжённый, изнурительный

Patients are advised to avoid strenuous activity while they recover.

strollnoun— неспешная прогулка

We enjoyed a leisurely stroll along the riverbank before dinner.

stubbornadjective— упрямый

He was too stubborn to admit that he had made a mistake.

subjectiveadjective— субъективный

Beauty is largely a subjective matter of personal taste.

subsidiarynoun— дочерняя компания

The tech giant runs several subsidiaries across Europe and Asia.

substantiateverb— подтверждать, обосновывать

You need to substantiate your claims with concrete evidence.

surveillancenoun— слежка, наблюдение

Critics argue that mass surveillance threatens citizens' right to privacy.

sustainableadjective— устойчивый, жизнеспособный

The company adopted a more sustainable business model to survive long-term.

sympatheticadjective— сочувствующий

The manager was sympathetic and gave her a few days off to recover.

symptomnoun— симптом

Ignoring early symptoms can allow a minor illness to become serious.

synthesisnoun— синтез, обобщение

The final chapter offers a synthesis of the main theories.

tailorverb— подстраивать, адаптировать

Advertisers tailor their messages to the browsing habits of individual users.

tangibleadjective— осязаемый, ощутимый

The talks produced few tangible results.

targeted advertisingphrase— таргетированная реклама

Targeted advertising relies on tracking users across multiple websites.

temperamentnoun— темперамент, характер

Her calm temperament made her ideal for handling stressful situations.

tensionnoun— напряжённость, натянутость

There was noticeable tension between the couple throughout the dinner.

tentativeadjective— предварительный, неуверенный

The authors drew only tentative conclusions from the small sample.

terminalnoun— терминал (вокзал, аэропорт)

The airport's new terminal can handle twice as many passengers.

testimonynoun— свидетельские показания

Her testimony proved crucial to the outcome of the trial.

thesisnoun— диссертация; тезис

He spent three years writing his doctoral thesis on medieval trade.

thoroughfarenoun— оживлённая улица, магистраль

The main thoroughfare is lined with cafés and boutiques.

threatenverb— угрожать

Overfishing threatens to wipe out entire populations of marine life.

thresholdnoun— порог

She has a high pain threshold.

thriveverb— процветать, преуспевать

Certain plant species thrive in the warmer conditions created by climate change.

tissuenoun— ткань (тела)

Protein is essential for repairing damaged muscle tissue.

tolerantadjective— терпимый

Being tolerant of others' opinions is essential in a healthy friendship.

toxicadjective— токсичный, ядовитый

The toxic runoff from mining operations has poisoned the local fish population.

transitnoun— транзит, проезд

The city invested heavily in a modern rapid transit system.

transparencynoun— прозрачность, открытость

Users are demanding greater transparency about how their data is collected.

trustworthyadjective— надёжный, заслуживающий доверия

You need a trustworthy friend you can confide in during difficult times.

turmoilnoun— смятение, потрясение

He was in emotional turmoil after the unexpected breakup.

turnovernoun— оборот; текучесть кадров

The firm reported an annual turnover of nearly two million pounds.

undermineverb— подрывать

Doubt can undermine one's confidence.

underpinverb— лежать в основе

Several assumptions underpin the entire economic model.

unprecedentedadjective— беспрецедентный

The internet gives ordinary people an unprecedented ability to reach a global audience.

unwindverb— расслабляться

After a hectic week of sightseeing, we chose a quiet resort to unwind.

upholdverb— поддерживать, соблюдать

The court's duty is to uphold the constitution.

user-friendlyadjective— удобный для пользователя

They redesigned the app to make it more user-friendly for older customers.

vacancynoun— вакансия

There is currently a vacancy for a senior analyst in the finance team.

validateverb— подтверждать, проверять

Further studies are needed to validate these preliminary results.

variablenoun— переменная

Scientists must control every variable to obtain reliable results.

venturenoun— предприятие, рискованное начинание

Their latest business venture involves exporting organic produce.

verdictnoun— вердикт, приговор

The jury took three days to reach a unanimous verdict.

vibrantadjective— яркий, полный жизни

The neighbourhood is known for its vibrant nightlife and street art.

vicinitynoun— окрестности, близость

There are several museums in the immediate vicinity of the station.

vindictiveadjective— мстительный

His vindictive nature meant he never forgave even the smallest slight.

virtualadjective— виртуальный

The conference was held in a virtual environment that participants explored as avatars.

volatileadjective— вспыльчивый, непостоянный

Their volatile relationship swung between passionate love and bitter quarrels.

vulnerabilitynoun— уязвимость

Hackers were quick to exploit a vulnerability in the operating system.

vulnerableadjective— уязвимый

Low-lying island nations are especially vulnerable to rising sea levels.

wagenoun— заработная плата (почасовая, за физический труд)

The government raised the minimum wage to help low-income workers.

wear offphrase— проходить, ослабевать (об эффекте)

The painkiller started to wear off a few hours after the operation.

welfarenoun— социальное обеспечение, благополучие

The state provides welfare support for those unable to work.

well-beingnoun— благополучие, самочувствие

Getting enough sleep is essential for both physical and mental well-being.

wholesomeadjective— здоровый, полезный

They switched to more wholesome meals made from fresh ingredients.

withdrawnadjective— замкнутый, отстранённый

After the accident, he became withdrawn and rarely left his room.

work ethicphrase— трудовая этика

Employers value a strong work ethic as much as formal qualifications.

work outphrase— тренироваться

She tries to work out at least three times a week to stay fit.

workforcenoun— рабочая сила, персонал

Automation is transforming the skills the modern workforce requires.